Calcium indicators are molecules that exhibit an increase in fluorescence upon binding Ca²⁺.
Calcium and thallium flux assays for measuring the activity of many G protein-coupled receptors.
Potassium and thallium indicators, which exhibit an increase in fluorescence upon binding K⁺ or Tl⁺, can be used to measure the activity of potassium channels and transporters.
Sodium and thallium indicators, which exhibit an increase in fluorescence upon binding Na⁺ or Tl⁺, can be used to measure the activity of sodium channels and transporters.
Thallium can be used as a surrogate ion to measure the activity of potassium and sodium channels and transporters.
pH indicators respond to hydronium ions, and can be used to quantify solution and intracellular pH